Old English had a sound that we’ve lost from Modern English: the voiced velar fricative, represented phonetically as [ɣ].
An alternative to [g]
The Anglo-saxons didn’t have a separate letter in their alphabet for the sound—it was actually just they way they pronounced /g/ in certain contexts. And so that’s how they spelled it!
Normally /g/ was just a regular old [g], but sometimes—say, if the /g/ occurred between two back vowels (a, o, u)—it was pronounced [ɣ] instead.
Like, for example, in the word dragan (OE: to draw, to pull, or… to drag!).
Making the sound
So what is this mysterious sound? How do you make it?
One method I read suggests to start by pronouncing the sound [g] (a voiced velar stop), but then to slightly open your airway. For me this just resulted in a lot of spitting and a rather disquieting sort of strangled, choking sound.
Here’s a better way. You may already know how to make a voiceless velar fricative. It’s the sound of <ch> in German ich or Scottish loch. Start with that, then just add voice!
Voice is a humming, buzzing quality in speech sounds,. It’s what distinguishes a sound like [z] from [s], or [v] from [f]. It’s caused by you bringing your vocal cords together so that they start to vibrate. Put your hand on your throat when you’re making the sound [z] or [v] and you’ll feel the vibration.
Practice alternating between pronouncing [s] and [z], paying attention to how you turn voice on or off.
Then, make that German <ch> sound, and start those vocal cords buzzing!
The hard part for me was to stop sliding too far back down the vocal tract into the more familiar voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]—the sound of French /r/. But with practice it’s doable!
Here’s an audio sample from WikiMedia Commons:
Sources
Baker, P.S. (2003) Introduction to Old English. Malden, MA: Blackwell
Mitchell, B. & Rpbinson, F.C. (2012) A Guide to Old English, Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell
